Lesson 4/45 min
Non-cooperation, Khilafat and Jallianwala Bagh
On 13 April 1919 a massacre took place at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on General Dyer's order. In protest Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-cooperation Movement in 1920.
Jallianwala Bagh
- 13 April 1919; Amritsar, Punjab; on General Dyer's order
- In protest Rabindranath Tagore gave up his knighthood; he had received it in 1915
The non-violent Non-cooperation Movement
- The first all-India mass movement: Khilafat and Non-cooperation; father of it was Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi)
- Period 1920–1922; methods: non-violent non-cooperation, civil disobedience, boycott of British goods
- Aim: to create a deadlock by withholding cooperation and force the government to accept demands
- February 1922: at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh an angry crowd set a police station on fire and 22 policemen died; seeing the violence Gandhi called off the movement
- Later, in 1930, civil disobedience and satyagraha (the salt satyagraha, Dandi, Gujarat) for full swaraj; in August 1942 Gandhi led ‘Quit India’
- ‘Karenge ya marenge’ is Gandhi's famous call
Watch out: Khandokar's book says 21 policemen died at Chauri Chaura; Zubair's says 22. Most sources say 22, so 22 is used.
The Khilafat Movement
- A movement of India's Muslims to save the Ottoman empire and the caliphate; in the First World War Turkey joined Germany's side and was defeated
- Main leaders Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali; Abul Kalam Azad as well (Zubair)
- Khilafat Day was observed on 17 October 1919
- A joint Hindu-Muslim anti-British movement; it raised the political awareness of Muslims
- Moniruzzaman Islamabadi edited the papers ‘Soltan’ and ‘Al Islam’
- Kemal Ataturk ended the caliphate in Turkey (1924), after which the movement faded (Zubair)
Check yourself
Who is the father of the Non-cooperation Movement, and when did it begin?
At a glance
- 1
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was on 13 April 1919 at Amritsar on General Dyer's order; Tagore gave up his knighthood in protest (knighted 1915).
- 2
The Non-cooperation Movement ran from 1920 to 1922 under Mahatma Gandhi; it was stopped after Chauri Chaura in February 1922.
- 3
Khilafat Day was 17 October 1919; its leaders were Maulana Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
- 4
The salt satyagraha was at Dandi (Gujarat) in 1930; the Quit India movement came in August 1942.
- 5
The Turkish revival came under Kemal Ataturk; Moniruzzaman Islamabadi edited ‘Soltan’ and ‘Al Islam’.